Infancy Through Adolescence Essay Example for Free

Infancy Through Adolescence Essay Changes in the home environment such as marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting can adversely affect family dynamics, and children especially, can develop both mental and physical health problems. Research finds a correlation between parental separation and the internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in children; this includes childhood sleep problems due to marital conflict. Children can help define and influence the dynamics of marital conflict. Studies show that in early childhood, parent-child relationships are critical to a child’s healthy development especially the mother-child relations and maternal depression can cause poor parenting leading to emotional and behavioral problems. Child maltreatment is associated with alterations in stress physiology, increased risk for emotional and behavioral issues and increased risk for mental health issues in adolescence. Positive and supportive co-parenting can buffer against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce especially in low-income and at-risk families. Successful co-parenting relationships can positively affect a child’s socio-emotional development and mental health. Family dynamics and changes in the home will affect the development and well-being of a child throughout infancy or adolescence. Home environments which are dysfunctional in nature, experiencing marital conflict, and separation/divorce or poor-parenting can cause problems within a child’s development including mental and physical issues. Some children will internalize their problems and suffer from anxiety and depression. Others will outwardly externalize their behaviors through aggression and conduct problems; preteens are especially at risk for antisocial behavior (Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando, 2011; Sentse, Ormel, Veenstra, Verhulst, Oldehinkel, 2011). In the Barry Kochanska (2011, p. 237) study, they point out that dysfunctional parenting, parental depressive symptoms and marital conflict are associated with childhood adjustment and development. Consistently, studies show that marital problems adversely affect child development and adjustment. As Rhoades, Leve, Harold, Neiderhiser, Shaw Reiss (2011) state â€Å"the association between marital hostility and child adjustment is clearly established† and â€Å"pathways from marital hostility to child adjustment have been well studied, research[ed] to date† (p. 282). And Teti Cole (2011) further add that â€Å"faulty parenting is frequently cited as a major causal factor in the development of child psychopathology† (p. 25). Emotions and Family Dynamics In Barry and Kochanska (2010) study, the authors look at family emotional well-being, the critical nature of the parent-child relationship and how this impacts a child’s development. Emotions are given and received through individuals and family relationships are shaped by them; family dynamics are influenced and develop from these relational emotions. The emotional affects are multi-dimension and reach all family members reciprocally. One approach known as transactional family dynamics looks at mutual influence processes between all family members (Schermerhorn, Chow Cummings, 2010, p. 869). Although few studies have been conducted, the transactional family dynamic modal theorizes that if there are marital problems and conflict, the focus is not exclusively on the husband and wife’s problems, but how the family children also influence the marital relationship’s conflict. In one rare study, it was found that â€Å"in families with high levels of marital conflict, child externalizing problems predicted increases in marital conflict† (Schermerhorn et al. , 2010, p. 869); thus supporting the reciprocal nature in families. In support of other research, results from Schermerhorn, et al. (2010) study found that if a child is negative then it is associated with less marital positivity (p. 878). Within family subsystems, the marital relationship and the parent-child relationships are directly influenced by individual emotions and their interactions with one another. Some of these familial emotional interactions, reactions and feelings are healthy, but most are not when there is marital conflict; these unhealthy emotions create a variety of outcomes for a child’s development. Barry and Kochanska (2010) states, â€Å"In families, emotions profoundly influence mental health of the individuals, including sense of security, coping, personal growth, competence, adjustment, behavior problems, and psychopathology, including recovery and relapse† (p. 237). The emotional development, security and socialization of a child are directly related to the emotional exchange between the parent and child relationship; in fact, Barry and Kockanska (2010) find that it is a critical dimension especially during the early childhood years (p. 238). Since emotional healthiness is critical to healthy family relationships then unhealthy emotional states can be detrimental to a developing child causing attachment issues and possible psychopathology as they develop into adulthood. Parents’ emotional reactions to children’s emotions have important consequences for social and emotional development, including children’s psycho-physiological regulation, coping, emotional understanding, and friendship quality (Barry Kockanska, 2010, p. 237). Home Environments and Child Development Some of the variables which cause changes in the family’s home environment and affect child development are marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting; these changes can be more negatively influential in lower-income environments. Family is one of the major components in human development; therefore, childhood development is greatly influenced by the health of the family unit and home environment. Studies have shown that marital conflict in the family will increase the risk of adjustment problems in children; additionally, marital conflicts can lead to negative parenting, such as inconsistent discipline or disengagement, putting the parent-child relationship at risk and further adding to the risk of child maladjustment (El-Sheikh Whitson, 2006, p. 30; Peris, Goeke-Morey, Cummings, Emery (2008), p. 633). Peris et al. 2008) finds that â€Å"marital conflict is linked to a host of ineffective parenting practices, ranging from the use of inconsistent discipline to diminished displays of warmth and responsivity in the parent-child relationship† (p. 633). Another area of concern in families with marital conflict is parentification of children in which the child takes on a parental role by providing emotional support for the parent; it is a reversed role where the child takes care of the parent. In the Peris et al. study, the authors look at how parentification responsibilities can be very stressful and taxing for a middle adolescent hich can cause, as previous research shows, shame, guilt, poor academic performance, increased adulthood depression and anxiety, and difficult peer relationships of which girls are at a greater risk than boys. (Peris et al. , p. 634). Peris et al. also points out that in childhood, parentification is associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and poor social adjustment; additionally, poor parenting practice such as psychological control where a parent will use guilt to control their child’s behavior and maintain closeness will put children and adolescence at greater risk to maladjust ment and behavioral problems. Additional findings from Peris et al. study show that youth and their parents perceive the parentification dynamic differently. Youth perceive the relationship as low in warmth and support but the parent perceives it as warm and close; the study also concluded that the youth study group demonstrated internalizing and externalizing behaviors (p. 638) which is consistent with their hypothesis, other empirical studies and literature topics on parentification. Children from homes with higher levels of conflict have more adjustment problems than children from less conflictual homes especially with prolonged marital conflict (El-Sheikh Whitson, 2006, p. 30). Marital conflict affects girls more than boys in which they have greater internalizing symptoms. El-Sheikh Whitson (2006) explain that girls are subject to greater socialization pressures and communion especially during late childhood and adolescence; this socialization process is opposite of a boy who is pushed socially to be more independent. Girls may also be more emotionally involved in the marital arguments and boys avoid the conflict by claiming their independence (p. 37). Nonetheless, marital conflict has lasting affects for both boys and girls which affects childhood, adolescence and into adulthood. Social development is at risk in children who are from homes with marital conflict, divorce or poor parenting. Booth-LaForce Oxford (2008) report that an unsupportive parental environment such as found in stressful environments like single-parent homes and/or low income can cause insensitive parenting which can lead to socially withdrawn behavior in children; (p. 299) many of these children who are socially withdrawn display â€Å"social-cognitive deficits and unskilled behavior, their self-perceptions are negative, they are more likely to be rejected and victimized by peers, and experience loneliness and depression† (p. 1298). Social learning theorists argue â€Å"that marital disruption may lead children to le arn angry, coercive, hostile, and even physically aggressive approaches to interpersonal problem solving† (Gattis, Simpson, Christensen, 2008, p. 833). Another area of concern in childhood development within stressful home environments is the increase risk for stress-related physical illnesses. In a study by Fabricius Luecken (2007) they report that â€Å"high family conflict, abuse, parental psychopathology, and divorce can serve to establish enduring dysregulations in the child’s physiological stress responses, promoting pathophysiology in the brain and body† (p. 195). Another area of concern is sleep deprivation. Marital conflict is related to disruption in a child’s sleep; sleep problems in children can be related to internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Additionally, children with sleep problems can also reciprocally influence the conflict between the parents. As Kelly El-Sheikh (2011) point out â€Å"marital conflict and child sleep problems may be reciprocal and cyclical: exposure to marital conflict may lead to children’s sleep disruptions, which in turn may lead to increased marital conflict† (p. 413). Studies have also found that sleep problems in children can lead to aggressive behaviors (Kelly El-Sheikh, 2011, p. 413). Separation, Post-Separation and Divorce Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando (2011) report that children from divorced families are at a higher risk for emotional and behavioral problems including antisocial behavior, disruptive conduct, delinquency, aggression, anxiety, depression, feelings of loneliness and abandonment, emotional maladjustment and academic problems (p. 124-125). A new family structure is stressful for all family members with each affecting the other. Higher levels of parental stress cause changes in the parent-child relationship putting it at risk. Lack of communication, conflict, hostility, stressors related to the divorce and the new family dynamics cause frustration and anger among the members. High rates of divorce continually influence the numerous studies conducted which look at their affects of divorce on childhood development. According to Sentse et al. (2011) â€Å"10-25% of children that experience a parental separation grow up to have more emotional and psychological problems† (p. 98). These problems can stem from the broken family, previous marital conflict, loss of support from family and friends, economic disadvantage and parenting problems. In the current study by Sentse et al. , the researchers found parental separation’s main affect on developing children was externalizing problems; although for some children the separation brought relief from all the marital conflicts. The study also found adolescences that were more temperamentally fearful had increased levels of internalizing behaviors; some of the side effects of the fearful individual who experiences parental separation include withdrawal, ignored by peers, anxious or depressive feelings – resulting in a cycle of negative symptoms which could result in mental health problems (p. 03). Depressive symptoms can stem from marital conflict and divorce; cyclically, marital conflict and divorce can cause depressive symptoms. Mothers are particularly prone to depressive symptoms and clinical depression during highly stressful events in their lives such as marital conflict, separation or divorce. Mothers who are depressed are likely to be less supportive and nurturing with their children and they are usually negative and critical which can lead to developmental problems such as internalizing and externalizing problems in their children (Connell, Hughes-Scalise, Klostermann Azem, 2011, p. 53). Mothers with depression have â€Å"higher rates of irritability and aggression, which in turn may induce distress, anger and behavior problems in children† (Deboeck, Farris, Boker, Borkowski, 2011, p. 1312). Deboeck et al. (2011) also finds that a mother’s psychosocial health can directly affect the development of a child; and, children of depressed mothers have difficulty regulating affect, have increased hyperactivity and attention deficits (p. 1313). Several studies have looked at maternal depressive symptoms and found a link between the mother’s criticizing, hostile parenting causing externalizing behaviors in adolescents; additionally, adolescents with depressed mothers were more likely to become depressed when they [adolescent] are faced with family conflict and discord (Allen Manning, 2010, p. 833). Single motherhood is more stressful on both the mother and the children; single mothers are more likely to be depressed than married mothers. Compared to single mothers, married mothers have better mental health (Afifi, T. O. , Cox, B. J. Enns, M. W. , 2006, p. 122). There are at least 9. 5 million families in American in which single mothers are head of the household (Afifi et al. 2006). Parenting stress is unusually high in single-mother homes and mothers have â€Å"greater financial difficulties, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities† compared to mothers who are married (Afifi et al. Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando, 2011). Past research has found identified stressors which negatively affect the psychological well-being of single mothers; they are, low income, low education, family size, and ethnicity (Afifi et al. . 126). The results of Afifi et al. study found that psychiatric disorders in married mothers is lowest, with a slight increase in never married mothers, and the greatest increase was found in separated/divorced mothers; however, previous research found that women going through a separation or divorce had higher rates of poor mental health before the separation/divorce and after (Afifi et al. p. 127). Afifi et al. found that separated/divorced mothers had high levels of depression, dysthymia, GAD, alcohol abuse, PTSD, drug abuse, agoraphobia and antisocial personality disorder. Co-Parenting, Healthy Family Relationships, and Positive Outcomes Although marital conflict, separation/divorce, and poor parenting can adversely affect the home environment and negatively influence the development of children, there are positive factors which counter these adverse affects. Co-parenting is one of those factors. Co-parenting is associated with parents who mutually and cooperatively parent and raise their child together as a team. Although most of the research on co-parenting has been done on married couples and fathers, some does exist on co-parenting after the marital relationship has dissolved. Co-parenting can exist in families with marital conflict as part of a solution to positive parenting even in the midst of chaos and conflict. Positive co-parenting can buffer a child against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce. There is increasing â€Å"evidence [which] indicates that successful co-parenting relationships are beneficial for children’s socio-emotional development† (Dush, Kotila, Schoppe-Sullivan, 2011, p. 356). Other studies have found that co-parenting affects children positively by decreasing both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Isacco, Garfield, Rogers, 2010, p. 262). Healthy co-parenting relationships between separated or divorced couples can significantly improve the relationship between the non-residential father and the child; it could also help improve the relationship between the mother and father by reducing conflict. Many divorced fathers are less involved with their children and co-parenting because of the relational conflict with the divorced mother. Dush et al. (2011) states the key ingredients for co-parenting includes joint investment in the child, valuing the importance of each parent, respecting the other’s judgment, and ongoing, open communication (p. 357). A key factor for increasing healthy family relations and positive outcomes for children in families with marital conflict or divorce is active, supportive father involvement. As Dush et al. points out, â€Å"cooperative co-parenting relationships may be key to fostering positive nonresidential father involvement and lower levels of inter-parental conflict which have been linked to children’s behavioral outcomes, academic achievement, and psychological well-being† (p. 356). Another key component which fosters positive outcomes for children is father-child communication which has shown to decrease externalizing behaviors; (Afifi et al. 2006) additionally, open communication within the parent-child relationship where the child feels comfortable talking with their parents about the divorce has shown that children cope better (Taylor et al. , 2011). â€Å"A strong parent– child relationship can help ameliorate many of these [divorce] difficulties† (Taylor et al. 2011. p. 125). Family therapy is another positive component which can buffer the affects of marital conflict and divorce. Therapy can provide support for family members, teach problem-solving skills, communications training, conflict management and resolution.

Liberal Equality: America Living Up to the Ideal Over Time Essays

To what extent has the US realized its liberal ideals in practice, both historically and in contemporary times? Not every essence of liberal thought got put into American practice. The founders conceived of universal male suffrage, as long as the males were not slaves, and not women. Race and sex inequality would continue a long way into the future, and are indeed still sorting out today. However, the rights laid down by the founders would later be applied to these â€Å"minority† groups, and as such are vital to understand. The roots of the country delve deeply into liberal thought, and within these liberal thoughts is the idea that all people should be equal before the law and equal in the voting booths, where they can then make their own decisions and pilot their own destiny. To ask what liberal ideas the United States has followed and espoused is to ask the question, what are the liberal ideas? Generally, then, people point to the Bill of Rights, which lays down what things are allowed, such as free speech and the right to bear arms. People turn to these guaranteed rights all the time when arguing their actions. However, more philosophically, the framework of the American liberal tradition is the Declaration of Independence. Therein lays the famous line: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† All of America’s classical liberalism begins there. However, this had its own roots in earlier traditions and political discourses. John Locke said that a man has â€Å"by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty, and estate... ...wing all to vote and limiting all to the same laws. As King said, â€Å"A just law is a code that a majority compels on a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.† The only way to guarantee the creation of such laws is to allow the minority to have access to the vote, not just the majority. Alone, a majority will look out only for its own good; if the minority has a public voice, it can call for moderation, compromise, and equality. Inequality still exists in the true workings of the people, although not in law. However, it is slowly ending; my generation was raised in schools that finally taught that all men and women are created equal before the law, and in more biologic ways as well. We are all the same race, we are all human, and to abridge some is to harm the whole. Someday, full equality will be realized by all in America.

Proximity of fastest growing region in China Essay

The Hong Kong HIT has been noted for its excellence in high end services, range of shipping lines and extensive coverage of destinations. Excellent institutional framework, a business-friendly environment, the professionalism of workers. The most important is Hong Kong legal system, which is trusted, tried and tested by international business. Hong Kong retains a distinct advantage in permitting the parties in maritime arbitration, to have the contract governed and construed in accordance with Hong Kong or English law. As an international financial centre, Hong Kong position itself as the business, trading and services hub for the Mainland and the region as a whole. At the same time, Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta will continue to be the main economic engine of southern China, as well as an increasingly wealthy consumer market and a strong regional economy aiming the global export market. Hong Kong does have a number of advantages over other Mainland cities, and will continue to do so in the future. A strong and well-regulated financial sector, a free press, the free flow of information, low taxes and a simple taxation system, a pool of ighly skilled managers with international experience, proximity to major markets, and a close network of services companies are among the strengths and advantages for business in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is supporting services for the maritime sector in Hong Kong, for example export finance, trade documentation and logistics. The business-friendly tax policy and favourable customs laws make Hong Kong competitive. Sufficient terminal basin and its approach channel depth to accommodate the increasing draughts of ultra-large container ships. The Marine Department has an annual tonnage charge reduction scheme in place for Hong Kong registered ships. It has also recently reduced fees for 24 marine-related services such as port dues, seafarers? licences fees, and certificate fees. Hong Kong competitiveness is further enhanced by the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with China. Weakness The absolute majority of the world bigest container ports are located in Asia. Most of the container ports belongs to Mainland China, the second bigest economy in the world. All this provides enormous opportunities for HIT, however every individual port faces new challenges and competition. Hong kong HIT is not an exception. Competitiveness of HIT has become a key issue. In other words any other Mainland port could be considered a competitor threatening the success of the HIT. As before many Chinese ports were poorly equipped to handle the sudden increase in exports from a rapidly expanding manufacturing sector, HIT was the obvious port of choice. After returning Hong Kong to China almost immediately many manufacturing industries relocated from Hong Kong to Shenzhen. A report released by the Better Hong Kong Foundation noted that Hong Kong was rapidly losing market share in cargo throughput to Shenzhen „newer and cheaper ports?. Carolyn Cartier, „Transnational Urbanism in the Reform-era Chinese City: Landscapes from Shenzhen?. Oportunities It is difficult to distinguish precise opportunities for HIT. The shareholders of HIT has indicated support for closer crossborder cooperation with other ports in the region. For instance, Shenzhen Port is controlled by the owners of Hong Kong HIT and is closer to manufacturing sources. However, many vessels continue to call at both ports. It is also important to recognise the vast amount of active industry companies located in Hong Kong which makes it (the Pearl Delta Region) a sustainable location for maritime businesses. Hong Kong advantage lies in its ability to cooperate effectively with the Mainland under the CEPA (HK and Macau, Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement) and its well advanced industry. CEPA continues to provide benefits for Hong Kong businesses. As an economy, where 90% of GDP comes from services, Hong Kong strengths lie in services. On the other hand, the Mainland services sector has been developing as a noticeably slower pace compared to its manufacturing sector. The potential hence for overseas firms under CEPA is enormous. A problem with a large number of China FTZ was that they were not connected to ports. Thus cargo had to undergo customs check procedures prior to entering the FTZ or port. The opportunities for businesses in the services sector is enhanced by CEPA. The best way for overseas service suppliers to leverage on CEPA to gain access to the Mainland market is to set up a service company in Hong Kong, or partner with, invest in or even acquire service suppliers in Hong Kong. Overseas service suppliers acquiring an existing Hong Kong service supplier need to operate in Hong Kong for one year to demonstrate they are carrying on substantive business operations after the acquisition. If a foreign services supplier acquires less than 50 percent equity interest in a Hong Kong service supplier, the one year time bar does not apply. Better transport infrastructure will improve access to Mainland markets and enhance CEPA aims. For example, the integration of regional transport networks will be enhanced by the development of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge which has an expected completion date of 2016. Notably, it is an ongoing process of liberalization between the Mainland and Hong Kong. Hong Kong long-term economic prospects based on being able to maintain competitiveness and importance as a major centre for international finance, trade, transport and logistics, professional services, communications and tourism. In the past five years, Hong Kong has been positioning itself to sustain reasonable economic growth in a rapidly-changing, knowledge-based world. Reforms have been launched in the key areas of financial services, education and the public sector to enhance Hong Kong attractiveness as a business hub with a highly-skilled workforce and a small, efficient government. Major steps have been undertaken to improve the environment, consolidate and enlarge Hong Kong position and to build the infrastructure needed to ensure continued development as a hub for trade and transport in Asia, and in particular the rapidly growing Pearl River Delta. Concerted efforts have been taken to promote and position Hong Kong as Asia world city. The Brand Hong Kong programme, launched in May 2001, is a long-term undertaking to focus greater international attention on Hong Kong strengths and advantages as the most free, open and cosmopolitan city in Asia. Container Terminal 9 (CT9), now being completed on Tsing Yi Island by the private sector, will consolidate Hong Kong position as the worlds busiest and most efficient container port. The 68-hectare project will have six berths and a design capacity to handle more than 2. 6 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) a year. CT9 in a following years will bring annual total capacity at the Kwai Chung Container Terminal Basin to more than 15 million TEUs. The new marine basin will be able to handle the largest container ships. Threats Since 1997 when Hong Kong was returned to PRC the HIT has served as the gateway to China because of its strategical location in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China, the most advanced trading region in China. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, has been the most economically dynamic region of the Chinese Mainland since the beginning of China reform programme in 1979. The Chinese government establishment of a special economic zone in Shenzhen in 1979 gave an oportunity for Hong Kong and its container port to benefit from access to China, however development of mainland container ports in recent years has challenged HIT. Mainland ports invested in upgraded facilities with the help of foreign capital and a rapid move to privatization of ports. „Since 1985, mainland China has invested more in its port development than the rest of the world combined?. Kevin Cullinane, Wang Teng Fei and Sharon Cullinane, „Container Terminal Development in Mainland China and Its Impact on the Competitiveness of the Port of Hong Kong? Recent reports suggest that Chinese factories are moving further inland and in some cases, closer to Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta, seeking to lower evergrowing costs. The forecast annual growth rate for cargo in the region is 8. 6 per cent to 2020. The forecasts imply that Shenzhen market share of cargo in the region will increase to 55 per cent (from 16 per cent in 1999). Furthermore and contrary to the implications suggested by the report outlined above, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific pointed out that „by 2020 Shanghai is expected to be overtaken by Shenzhen to become the world? s largest container port.? Kevin Cullinane, Wang Teng Fei and Sharon Cullinane, „Container Terminal Development in Mainland China and Its Impact on the Competitiveness of the Port of Hong Kong? It is, of course, impossible to forecast which outcome will prevail. In the meantime most ports in China are concentrating on expanding capacity and upgrading and modernizing port facilities and operations. It is possible that many of Shenzhen business-friendly policies have been inspired by Hong Kong well-established and competitive customs and trade regimes, low tax and industry incentives. Nevertheless Hong Kong retains a number of competitive advantages such as well-integrated finance, legal and other service sectors, including a healthy body of industry groups. Hong Kong is clearly establishing itself as a hub for maritime services. Its traditional role as a transshipment hub will continue to face pressure from mainland China where the vast majority of export goods historically shipped from Hong Kong are manufactured. The implementation of FTZ and associated financial incentives for the maritime sector establishes the Mainland ports as a sustainable option for marine businesses, especially those seeking to move closer to manufacturing sources. Mainland ports traditionally competed at the lower end offering the lowest port charges in the region but with limited destinations and low service frequency. Yantian Port had the highest charges on the Mainland but offered a more competitive turnaround time and better global network integration. Various incentives and a rapidly developing economy in the Pearl River Delta region have shifted the balance.

Rise of the Roman Empire Essay examples - 1226 Words

Rise of Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The legend of Roman Empire, the strongest empire lasted more than 1,000 years in regions of minor Asia, Northern Africa, Europe including Spain, Britain, german and Gaul, which now we call France, was not created in one single day. The stories of ancient gods, heroes, and myths are part of their splendid chronicle, they are both practical facts and fantasies. Much of what we know today about the historical foundations of Rome comes to us from ancient writers such as Livy and Herodotus, along with the findings of archeology. The early history of Rome, so deeply rooted in legend and mythology, is a Amix of fact, fiction, educated guesses and established notions on the conditions of the ancient†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 753 BC Rome was a small community. Its people, the Romans, were Latins mixed with Sabines. The Latins spoke an Indo-European language, which they called the lingua Latina, the Latin tongue. Down the center of Italy , through the Umbrian, Sabine, and Samnite country, were other Indo European tribes. All these peoples were blond intruders from the north, and were cousins to the Greeks. In Venetia and in Parugia, on the east coast, were Illyrian settlers. In Liguria, which is in the northwest of Italy, and on the fringes elsewhere, were dark-skinned Mediterranean stocks. Indo-Europeans, Mediterraneans, Illyrians--all three were in a primitive stage of culture. For civilization, as you know, began in the Near East, and the harbors and plains of Italy are on the west coast. Civilization came to Italy later than it did to Greece. When it did appear, it was brought by Carthaginians, Greeks, and Etruscans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Etruscans settled in Rome somewhere between 900 and 800 BC. archaeologists suspect that they came from the eastern Mediterannean, possibly Asia Minor. We will, however, never really know where they came from or why they colonized Italy. We do know that when they came to Italy, they brought civilization and urbanization with them as Radice asserts AThe advance of Rome was due to the expansion of the mysterious neighbors from the north, the Etruscans.@(17) They founded their civilizationsShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Roman Empire973 Words   |  4 Pagessee how empires grew and became successful. Many empires were so successful because of their leaders and their philosophies. Empires often had good runs and would be running successful until a stronger and more powerful empire would bring them down. One empire that was known as the most advanced both socially and politically in the western civilization was the Roman Empire. At about 285 CE the empire was so greatly advanced that the Roman central government could no longer rule the empire on its ownRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2740 Words   |  11 Pagesone thing comes to mind, the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of all time. The span of the Roman Empire grew from itself outward to the countries of England, Africa, Spain, and even Syria. The Roman Empire covered a vast area of land, with ambitions of continued growth. The Roman Empire rose to glory in 27 BC. The rise of the Roman Empire began with its military forces and its many emperor’s reign. The society and life of Romans were also affected by the empire’sRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire Essay1875 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He started his reign in 307 AD. During this time the Roman Empire was still composed mainly of pagans. Although the population of Christians was on the rise, in the beginning of the fourth century, Christians made up only 10 percent of the population in the Roman Empire. There were approximately five million Christians in the Roman Empire meaning that they were still the minority (Waldron). 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The increased tension eventually lead to an outbreak of wars. In 410 Rome was sacked by the Visigoths—lead by Alaric—and was attacked again in 455 but the Vandals (â€Å"Dining With Attila the Hun, 448†). Attacks on the Roman Empire by the Huns did not start until the middle of the 5th century

English As A Global Language - 1715 Words

It is an undeniable fact that English is recognised as a global language and an important lingua franca in the world. English as a Global Language emphasizes that a language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognised in every country (Crystal 2003) (p.3). In achieving this status, Crystal describes that the language has to use by other countries around the world and receive a special position within that foreign communities despite of having their own mother tongue languages. Crystal further added that there are several ways in which a language can be official for example it may be the sole official language of a country, or it may share this status with other languages, and it may be in form of ‘semi-official’ status as it only being used in certain domains, or taking second place to other languages while still performing certain official roles. 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Why and How Is the Brain Fooled by the Placebo Effect Essay

â€Å"The more you think of an imaginary problem, the more you feel as though it’s real.† (Panova) Our brain is known to work in mysterious ways, and the placebo effect acts is a prime example of exactly that. The concept of this phenomenon is known to confuse the average person, but it should not. Nevertheless, those unaware of it are still affected on a regular basis. In fact, every time a pill is taken, half of its power comes from just thinking and expecting it to work. All humans are gullible, each to a certain extent. Even the most clever individuals would succomb to the sheer power of placebos in, for example, a life-or-death situation. The placebo effect fools our brain effectively because of the trust we put into doctors and medicine,†¦show more content†¦The majority of the people in the group with valid medicine were healed. Surprisingly, around 379 people were cured by the placebo effect alone (Beecher). There is a distinct difference between the ef fects of medicine given to you by certified doctors and medicine given to you by your co-workers. Extravagant credentials at the beginning of a name or a convincing advertisement of a pill is all it takes for the placebo effect to break through our defenses. Another reason for why our brains are so easily fooled by the placebo effect is the feeling of safety, which makes us believe that the placebo effect cured our issues. To illustrate, a child is hit in the shin with a baseball, hard. His friend, who accidentally kicked the ball with too much force, excuses himself, but goes back to playing, leaving the sobbing victim alone. His favorite teacher sees what is going on and goes over to the child. She tells him that everything will be fine, that his injury is just a bruise, and that she will guide him to the nurse. The victim suddenly feels safer as a result of the social support he received from the teacher. He nearly forgets about his pain and smiles as he limps towards the nurse’s office (Humphrey). This is a fantastic example of how social support can lead to the placebo effect. Physically, there were no major changes in the condition of the child’s shin from when his friend apologized to when hisShow MoreRelated_x000C_I ntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesExperimental Design 51 2.5 More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional) 56 2.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 Activity 2.1 Designing a Sampling Plan 63 Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 64 Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 64 Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 65 Graphing Calculator Explorations 69 3 Graphical Methods for Describing Data 75 3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative BarRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesrelevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRating Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 EvaluatingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesunsuccessful practices are not unique. Information Boxes and Issue Boxes are included in each chapter to highlight relevant concepts and issues, or related information, and we are even testing Profile Boxes. Learning insights help students see how certain practices—both errors and successes—cross company lines and are prone to be either traps for the unwary or success modes. Discussion Questions and Hands-On Exercises encourage and stimulate student involvement. A recent pedagogical feature

CEO Leadership Styles and Implementation System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the CEO Leadership Styles and Implementation System. Answer: Introduction In todays world of changing organizations diversification of managerial trends have taken a different turn. An organization is a system with its own perspective and logic with its own weight of tradition and inertia. The deck is fully loaded with adopted and proven means of strategies and modules that are known to accomplish its own purpose of achieving goals against all odds and risks that can be fundamental in reaching out as well as unraveling out new directions (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). Every organization has its own managerial tools to excavate new ways and means of achieving its goals. The workforce is one of the key elements of an organization that is instrumental in helping it achieve its objective. This report deals with the managers and the tools that they adopt while dealing with the various risks and challenges that that come along with the changing trends in an organization. This report further deals and advocated regarding the impact of the values, ethics and diversity on the work culture of an organization. It further investigates the role, behavior and the performance of the managers within an organization. To help in better understanding a case study regarding an organization has been cited for easier understanding and analysis. The purpose of this report is to learn, understand and analyze the effective role of a manager as well as the challenges and the risks that they have to address to in these changing trends in an organization as well as the impact of values, ethics and diversity on an organization. This report further helps understand the role, behavior and the performance of a manager. Key factors for the changing trends With the progress in the generations and trends, the workplace also has also evolved in its own terms. The workplaces in the earlier times were not as competitive and agile as it is now. The change in the organization involves the changed structure, content and the progress or process (Cameron and Green 2015). The reason to embrace such a change is due to the fact that workplaces are now more perceptively complicated, more team based and collaborative, more dependable in the social skill sets, technologically dependent, time bound and high mobility with less dependency in the demographics (Sjostrand 2016). The current scenario depicts the workplace to be more lean and agile, more focused in the customer value perspectives, better tuned competitive dynamics and strategies, lesser hierarchy and authority decision making, continues evolution the re organization and achieving competitive advantages. Every manager in their respective organization faces certain challenges that should be attained in time to reduce or manage the risk that might arise from it. These challenges are primarily the risks that the organization faces, which its managers in turn manage. The challenges and risk that are faced have been discussed below. Earlier organizations did not face any crucial moral challenge that the current organizations face now a days. With the higher competition and augmented global economy every individual is now in a struggle to meet up with the economic and social security that can only be attained with better earnings estimate. To meet the temptations of achieving better standard of living, individuals strife to do anything and by any means necessary, even at the cost of cutting the moral integrity. Within a time, employees start to adopt unfair or immoral means to achieve their targets with a perspective that immorality is an important part of business without with a successful business cannot be sustained. This would eventually lead to the erosion of the trust between the employees and the employer, the business partners, management and the shareholders of the organization. The failure to comply with the fact that lack of trust can eventually ruin a business is one of the major pitfalls of an organi zation (Jensen 2014). Financial or Resource Management Finance and revenue is one of the primary foundations of any organization or business. A healthy return in the revenue is mostly anticipated by every organization. The major failure for an organization is the mismanagement of the flow of cash within an organization (Brigham and Houston 2012). In case the capital expenditure or receivable collectables is the primary cause of unnecessary draining of cash, the sustenance of the business would not last for long, since revenue management is the utmost important part of business that mostly survives in the well revenue management of an organization. The mismanagement of revenue and the lack of focus on the cash flow could be fatal for any midsized or small term business organization (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). With the progress in generation and the global marketing system, setting up a business has become even easier with trouble-free purchasing of online domain and website for the setting up of a business on the go. However, the continuation of business is more challenging and complicated, than it was earlier. Previously hiring of business experts was expensive that has now become even easier and more available as well as cost effective (Cheng, Man and Yi 2013). Findings of different organizations engaged in competition for the same kind of product is crucial to understand the challenges in the global market regarding the successful establishment of the new organization as a flourishing one. Within the same line of business, increased selection and competition is a challenge in the market regarding the gathering of potential customers and the retention of the existing customers (Kirzner 2015). Identification of the appropriate customer and the business channel is crucial in the determination of the business and organizational prospects in the market. Identification of the customers needs and wants is helpful in the customer loyalty and retention (Set-Pamies 2012). In terms of running a successful business, one of the major challenges is to find the right staff for the organization. Recruiting the right employee and their retention and injecting them with the business prospects and ideologies is one of the crucial management strategies to ensure the operations of the organization to be productive (Farr and Tippins 2017). The case study adopted is regarding Beech Nut Nutrition Corporation that supplies 100% pure apple juice for babies and infants (Boyd 2012). As per the case, Beech Nut Nutrition was alleged to supply adulterated apple juice to its customers mostly that are meant for the infants and babies. Two years after the joining of the CEO, he found evidence regarding the fact that apple juice concentrate that was supplied by the vendors for the purpose of making the Beech Nut apple juice contained nothing but sugar, water and chemicals as the primary ingredients. The inventories could have been eliminated by the management which was supposedly useless as well as the existing products could have been removed from the stores. Instead, the product continued to be distributed with the hope of turning the business around with the paying of the promised amount to its parent company, Nestle. A large number of employees in the organization suspected about the authenticity of the products even before the arrival of the CEO, but he chose to ignore the fact due to the 25% advantage that was provided by the suppliers enforced the employees to continue with the production of the adulterated product. Unable to bear with the unethical business, one of the employees protested of about the concern and in return he was branded as a non team player. He was reviewed with nave and impractical comments by the supervisor who was in charge. In this manner, the protest was suppressed and by no means was the consequence of the actions justified, putting the company and its management at the risk of illegal accountability. Later on, an FDA investigation was executed that taught Beech Nut a lesson in a hard way. The company was held guilty of selling adulterated juice to its consumers, risking their lives as well as the trust and compliance of millions of customers who relied on Beech Nut Nutrition in terms of their childrens nutritional supply. Finally, after the trial and judgment, the company was made to pay a compensation of $ 25 million that included the fines, legal expenditures and the misplaced sales. After the legal proceedings of Beech Nuts, the company struggled hard for a long period to regain back its consumer trust and market share. As a result, the managers have become more cautious about the organizational ethics and incorporation of rules and regulations to identify and prevent the breach of laws. Impositions of fines and probation for organizations have also been implemented to prevent further wrong doings and malpractices. Critical analysis of the case study With the help of this case study, justification can be made about the business rationale, the proper utilization of research methodology and organizational theories. As per the theories, if Beech Nut incorporated the methods of identifying and focusing on the business rationale that included the integrity, financial management, ethics, competitive advantages, the customer loyalty and staff selection then perhaps the company would not have to undergo such consequence. In case, Beech Nut chose to focus on the better cash flow and the quality of the products then perhaps it could have been successful in generating more consumers and retaining its existing customers as well as successfully turning the business around that having to sell of the company. The staffs that were recruited in the company were loyal but they were unethical who participated and encouraged the continued fraudulent malpractice of producing adulterated juice. The unethical behavior of the CEO of Beech Nut who was only motivated to meet up with the target and overlooking about the reputation of the organization that it was going to lose in the run (Ng and Sears 2012). Although one of the employees had the conscience to protest against the wrong, his voice was suppressed, that usually has a negative impact on the work culture since this encourages other employees to adopt unfair means. This in turn corrupts the entire work culture rendering it venerable to legal intervention (Theodosiou, Kehagias and Katsikea 2012). The supervisor chose to ignore and suppress the fact that one of the employees protested about the crisis of the adulterated production. The supervisor could have taken effective measures to encourage and rectify the crisis instead of suppressing them, resulting in the huge financial and reputation loss ((Theodosiou, Kehagias and Katsikea 2012).). Proper research about the flow of cash and improvised strategy in the financial module regarding the sales and marketing of pure apple juice could have initially affect the revenue generation creating a little over load in the financial structure of the company but eventually the setbacks could have been averted and impart a new direction in the business cycle. Since Beech Nut was an old reputated company with a loyal set of dependable consumers, it would have been able to unload the pressure in a lesser span of time (Higgins 2012). The mismanagement of not regulating the quality was one of the fatal mistakes that was committed with the purpose of generating easy and fast revenue that was eventually caught red handed and intervened. The managers could have replaced the disloyal vendors with honest ones instead of continuing business with the disloyal ones and jeopardizing the consumer health and its reputation as well. The scope of achieving competitive advantages were higher since Beech Nut had a loyal set of customers who relied on their products. Only a few notable management strategies would have been a game changer for the company (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). After suffering legal setbacks, the company had a tough time to regain back the trust of its loyal customers and the market values and the organization decided to formulate its major strategies in terms of focusing in the quality of the product. The influence that the organization had on behalf of political and social interface is due to introduction of penalties and compensation for adulteration and producing inferior quality goods by the legislature and legal practitioners as well as the recognition, acceptance or rejection by the consumers upon whom the survival or the decline of an organization completely depends. Key decisions taken by the management The key decisions that were taken by the management to effective handle the crisis, was paying of a compensation for the charge as well as calling back the products that were considered as adulterated from the market. Newer strategies have been formulated that meet the ethical principles to gain back the trust and the confidence of the consumers that was predominantly the biggest strength of any organization. The implementation of new policies that met the parameters of the health regulations by the government. This was done to focus on the quality of the products to regain its competitive advantages over the other products as well as avoid further legal setbacks As the outcome, the company gradually regained its customers trust and established its lost reputation as one of the major baby food producers. The recalling of the adulterated juice was one of the methods that was beneficial is explaining the customers about the companys concern related to the consumer health. The improvised policies related to the organizational management in terms of ethical practices were influential in creating a diverse and work environment. Conclusion With the help of this report, it can be justified that an organization faces several challenges and risks in the changing trends of the newly emerging economic market. The challenges come on basis of managing the integrity, financial flow, creating identity of newly emerged organizations, selection and retention of new customers as well as recruiting of staff. With the help of the case study that has been provide the fundamental of business rationale and the ethics in the workplace has been explained as well as its validity has been justified. The case of Beech Nut Apple Juice has been cited to explain and understand the key factors of business rationale and ethics in the workplace as well as the circumstances that resulted in its downfall. The political factors that influence the legitimacy of the management strategies include the legal provisions that have been incorporated in order to prevent unethical use of business strategies. The social factors involves the customer appraisal and rejection in terms of the authenticity of the product, since customers are the main factors that influence the success and the failure of an organization in the global market. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Boyd, C., 2012. The Nestl infant formula controversy and a strange web of subsequent business scandals.Journal of business ethics,106(3), pp.283-293. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cheng, P., Man, P. and Yi, C.H., 2013. The impact of product market competition on earnings quality.Accounting Finance,53(1), pp.137-162. Farr, J.L. and Tippins, N.T. eds., 2017.Handbook of employee selection. Taylor Francis. Higgins, R.C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Jensen, M.C., 2014. Integrity: Without it nothing works. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Ng, E.S. and Sears, G.J., 2012. CEO leadership styles and the implementation of organizational diversity practices: Moderating effects of social values and age.Journal of Business Ethics,105(1), pp.41-52. Set-Pamies, D., 2012. Customer loyalty to service providers: examining the role of service quality, customer satisfaction and trust.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,23(11-12), pp.1257-1271. Sjostrand, S.E., 2016.Institutional change: theory and empirical findings. Routledge. Theodosiou, M., Kehagias, J. and Katsikea, E., 2012. Strategic orientations, marketing capabilities and firm performance: An empirical investigation in the context of frontline managers in service organizations.Industrial Marketing Management,41(7), pp.1058-1070. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. www.beechnut.com (2017).beech-nut baby foodreal food with simple ingredients. [online] Beechnut. Available at: https://www.beechnut.com/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2017]. Young, J.H., 2014.Pure food: securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Princeton University Press.